California Towhee or Spotted Towhee?

General appearance

The California towhee is a medium-sized sparrow with a robust body, long tail, and short, thick bill. It has a plain brown appearance with a slightly reddish-brown or rust-colored undertail and facial area. Its overall plumage is nondescript with a subtle warmth, often appearing drab or plain at a distance. Typical adult length ranges from 8 to 10 inches with a wingspan of around 11 inches.

Male vs female

There is minimal sexual dimorphism in the California towhee, meaning males and females look alike. Both have the same brown coloration, though individuals may vary slightly in shade. Identification between sexes typically requires behavioral observation rather than plumage differences, as both sexes are similar in size and coloration.

Juvenile

Juveniles resemble adults but are slightly paler and may lack the more distinct rusty undertail coverts and facial areas found in adults. Their plumage might also appear fluffier and less defined. As they mature, their plumage gradually darkens and develops the characteristic undertail and facial reddish-brown tinge.

Primary habitat

The California towhee prefers dense low habitats, including chaparral, pinyon-juniper woods, coastal sage scrub, and semi-desert scrub.

Additional range

They are often found in unexpected environments such as well-vegetated gardens, city parks, and areas with edges and openings in oak woodland.

Natural diet

The California towhee primarily feeds on the ground, consuming a variety of natural food sources. Its diet mainly consists of seeds, grains, and small fruits. It often eats seeds of grasses and weeds, as well as berries from native shrubs like elderberry and toyon. In addition to plant matter, the towhee may consume insects and other small invertebrates, especially during the breeding season when protein requirements are higher. This includes ants, beetles, caterpillars, and spiders.

Bird feeders

At bird feeders, the California towhee can be attracted by offerings similar to its natural diet. It is known to eat birdseed mixes, particularly those containing millet and cracked corn. The towhee might also consume sunflower seeds if provided. While it generally forages on the ground, it will visit low platform feeders or spillages beneath feeders. The bird’s adaptability helps it thrive around residential areas where these food sources are accessible.